Libertação dos escravos

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A colonização do território brasileiro realizada pelos portugueses depois de 1500 foi baseada na exploração da terra e das riquezas naturais através da utilização da mão de obra escrava. Por quase quatrocentos anos, cerca de cinco milhões de escravos foram trazidos da África para onde hoje se localiza o Brasil.

Resultado de imagem para libertação dos escravos

A libertação dos escravos no Brasil só ocorreu definitivamente em 1888, quando foi assinada a Lei Áurea, abolindo a escravidão no país.

Mas a libertação dos escravos não foi um evento que ocorreu do dia para a noite. Durante todo o período colonial e imperial ocorreram lutas de resistência realizadas pelos escravos contra a exploração e a opressão a que estavam submetidos.

A exploração e 

Resultado de imagem para libertação dos escravos

opressão ocorriam através de longas jornadas de trabalho, castigos físicos e péssimas condições de alimentação e de moradia dadas aos africanos escravizados. As fugas das fazendas e engenhos, bem como a formação dos quilombos, são exemplos dessa resistência.

 

A resistência dos cativos (outro nome dado aos escravos) contra a escravidão, somada a uma pressão da Inglaterra pelo fim dessa forma de trabalho, levou o Império Brasileiro a publicar uma série de leis que resultaria na abolição da escravidão e na libertação dos escravos.

Uma das primeiras leis que pretendiam acabar com a escravidão foi a chamada Lei Feijó, de 1831, que proibia o tráfico e considerava livres todos os escravos que entrassem no Brasil após aquela data. Em razão do grande poder dos donos de escravos, a lei não foi colocada em prática.

Em 1845, a Inglaterra promulgou o Bill Aberdeen, uma lei que proibia o tráfico no Oceano Atlântico. Essa lei inglesa pressionou o governo brasileiro a decretar a Lei Eusébio de Queirós, em 1850, que proibia o comércio de escravos para o Brasil. Apesar da proibição do comércio de escravos, ainda era legal ser dono de escravos no país.

Outra lei foi promulgada em 1871, a Lei do Ventre Livre. Através dessa lei, os filhos de escravas nascidos no Brasil após essa data eram considerados livres. Entretanto, essas crianças deveriam ficar sob os cuidados do senhor que era dono de suas mães até completarem 21 anos. Essa situação fazia com que os escravos trabalhassem até essa idade, mesmo com a lei.

As lutas e fugas dos escravos foram se tornando cada vez maiores no período, sendo criado ainda um movimento pela abolição da escravidão no Brasil. Em face dessa pressão, foi promulgada, em 1885, a Lei dos Sexagenários, que dava liberdade aos escravos com mais de 60 anos. Mas poucos escravos chegavam a essa idade, e mesmo os que chegavam não tinham garantia de conseguir uma fonte de renda após a liberdade.

Em 1888, no dia 13 de maio, foi assinada pela princesa Isabel, filha de D. Pedro II, a Lei Áurea. Com essa lei, era abolida definitivamente a escravidão no Brasil. Entretanto, não houve a adoção de nenhuma medida que levasse à inclusão dos escravos libertos na sociedade brasileira, deixando-os marginalizados e alvos do racismo vigente no Brasil.

Por Tales Pinto
Mestre em História

A Abolição da Escravatura foi o acontecimento histórico mais importante do Brasil após a Proclamação da Independência, em 1822. No dia 13 de maio de 1888, após seis dias de votações e debates no Congresso, a Princesa Isabel assinou a Lei Áurea, que decretava a libertação dos escravos no país. Sobre este dia, Machado de Assis escreveu anos depois na coluna “A Semana”, no jornal carioca Gazeta de Notícias: “Verdadeiramente, foi o único dia de delírio público que me lembra ter visto”.

GALERIA-1294-13-MAIO-1888-DIA-ABOLICAO-ESCRAVATURA.JPG

Marc Ferrez. Escravos em terreiro de uma fazenda de café na região do Vale do Paraíba, c. 1882. Vale do Paraíba, RJ.

Marc Ferrez. Escravos em terreiro de uma fazenda de café na região do Vale do Paraíba, c. 1882. Vale do Paraíba, RJ.

A escravidão no Brasil foi amplamente documentada pelos fotógrafos do século XIX. Contribuíram para isto o fato de ter a fotografia chegado cedo ao país, em 1840, sendo o imperador Pedro II um grande entusiasta, além de ter sido o último país das Américas a abolir a escravatura, em 1888. Por cerca de 350 anos, o Brasil – destino de 4,5 milhões de escravos africanos – foi o maior território escravagista do Ocidente, mantendo este sistema tanto no campo como na cidade – o lugar de trabalho era o lugar do escravo. Muitas vezes o objetivo das fotografias não era a denúncia e sim o estético ou, ainda, o registro do exótico.

A Galeria do Dia da Abolição da Escravatura exibe fotos de escravos em situações de trabalho, em momentos de descanso ou mesmo em poses obtidas em estúdios. Dentre seus autores estão Alberto Henschel, Augusto Riedel, Augusto Stahl, George Leuzinger, João Goston, Marc Ferrez , Revert Henrique Klumb, além de alguns anônimos.

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